JIUYESHIMINSHENGZHIBEN,SHISHEHUIHEXIEANDINGZHIYUAN。ZIZHONGHUARENMINGONGHEGUOCHENGLI70NIANYILAI,DANGHEZHENGFUYIZHIGUANZHUZHELAODONGZHEJIUYE,BAJIUYEZUOWEIMINSHENGDEZHONGYAORENWU,KAIPIXINSHIQIMAKESIZHUYIFAZHANDEXINJINGJIE。
YI、MAKESIJIUYESIXIANGDESHENGCHENGLUOJI
1、LILUNLUOJI: DUIGUDIANZHEXUE、GUDIANZHENGZHIJINGJIXUEDEJICHENGHEFAZHAN
HEIGEERZUOWEIGUDIANZHEXUEDEDAIBIAO,TONGGUOBIANZHENGFENXI,SHENKEDICHANSHULEZICHANJIEJIYOUGUANGUYONGLIXING、LAODONGDENGFANGMIANDESIXIANGNEIHAN。MAKESITONGGUODUIHEIGEERPINGDENGSIXIANGDESIKAO,JINYIBURENSHIDAOZIBENZHUYISHEHUIDEGUYONGGUANXIYIJISHENGYUJIAZHILILUNDUIRENKOUDEYINGXIANG。ZAIJICHENGHEIGEERHEFEIERBAHAGUDIANZHEXUESIXIANGDEJICHUSHANG,MAKESIJINYIBUYANGQILEFEIERBAHADEZHEXUESIXIANG,SHENHUALEDUIJIUYEBENZHIDERENSHI。
CONGGUDIANZHENGZHIJINGJIXUEDEJIAODULAIKAN,YADANG·SIMIZUOWEIXIFANGGUDIANJINGJITIXIDECHUANGSHIREN,ZAI《GUOFULUN》ZHONGDUILAODONGZHEGONGZIDENGWENTIJINXINGLETAOLUN,CONGERWEIMAKESIZAI《ZHENGZHIJINGJIXUEPIPAN》ZHONGTICHUDEGUANYUGONGZIJUEDINGLAODONGZHEYIJIZICHANJIEJIZHIJIANDOUZHENGDECHANSHUHELUNDUANDIANDINGLEZHONGYAODELILUNJICHU。
2、SHIDAILUOJI: GONGYEGEMINGDEFAZHANHEZIBENZHUYISHEHUIMAODUNDEJIHUA
18SHIJI60NIANDAI,YIYINGGUOWEISHOUDEXIFANGGUOJIALVXIANYIZHENGQIJIWEIDAIBIAO,SHIXIANLECONGGONGCHANGSHOUGONGYESHENGCHANXIANGJIQIDAGONGYESHENGCHANDEZHUANBIAN。XIFANGGEGEGUOJIAJINSUIQIHOUKAIZHANLEGONGYEGEMING,TUIDONGLEZIBENZHUYISHEHUIDESHENGCHANLISHIXIANLEKUAYUESHIDEQIANJINHEFAZHAN,JIHUALESHENGCHANLIYUSHENGCHANGUANXIZHIJIANDENEIBUMAODUN,DAOZHIZIBENZHUYISHEHUIZHONGZHOUQIXINGJINGJIWEIJIDEBAOFA。
GONGYEGEMINGDESHENRUFAZHANDAIDONGLEWUCHANJIEJIDENGSHANGLELISHIDEWUTAI,JIEJIZHIJIANDEGUANXIRIYIJIANDANHUA。SUIZHEZIBENZHUYIDEZHUYAOMAODUNBUDUANJIHUAHEFAZHAN,ZICHANJIEJIDUIWUCHANJIEJIDEBOXUEHEYAPOBUDUANJIASHEN,CONGERCONGWUCHANJIEJIZHONGZHAQUGENGDUODESHENGYUJIAZHI,SHIWUCHANJIEJIGENGJIAPINKUN。GONGRENDESHIYELVSHANGSHENG,SHEHUICHUYUDONGDANGFAZHANZHIZHONG,ZHEICHENGWEIMAKESIJIUYESIXIANGCHANSHENGDESHIDAITIAOJIAN。
3、GERENLUOJI: MAKESIDEGERENSHIJIANJINGYAN
ZAIMAKESIDEQINGNIANSHIQI,DEGUOSHEHUICHUYUDONGDANGZHIZHONG,DAOZHIGONGRENDESHENGHUOJIQIPINQIONGHEKUNNAN。MIANDUIDANGSHIDESHEHUIXIANZHUANG,MAKESIZHUJIANKAISHIGUANZHUSHEHUI,JIJIDICANJIADEGUO、YINGGUODENGGUOJIADEGEMINGDOUZHENG,TOUSHENYUGEMINGDESHIJIANZHIZHONG,GUANGFANYANJIUHEXUEXIGUDIANZHEXUE、GUDIANZHENGZHIJINGJIXUE,WEIMAKESIJIUYESIXIANGDEXINGCHENGDIANDINGLEJICHU。DANREN《LAIYINBAO》BIANJIDEMAKESITONGGUOBAOKAN、ZAZHISHENRUSHEHUISHIJI,LEJIEQUNZHONGDEQINGXUHEYAOQIU,JIARUGONGCHANZHUYIZHETONGMENGBINGQIEWEIZUZHIHUIYUANZUOGUODUOCIZHENGZHIJINGJIXUEJIANGYAN。ZAIZHEIYISHIQI,MAKESIZAIZHENGZHIJINGJIXUEDEZHUZUOZHONGSHENKEDIFENXILEZIBENJIAYAZHAXIAWUCHANJIEJIDECHUJING。
ER、MAKESIJIUYESIXIANGDEZHUYAONEIRONG
1、ZIBENYOUJIGOUCHENGLILUN
MAKESITONGGUODUIZIBENJILEIDELUNSHU,JIESHILEZIBENJILEIZAIZIBENZHONGDEFAZHANQUSHI,CONGERJINYIBUJIESHILEZIBENZHUYISHEHUIZHONGSHIYEWENTIDEBENZHI。SUIZHEZIBENBUDUANDIJILEI,SHENGCHANJISHUSHUIPINGHEKEJISHUIPINGDEJINYIBUTIGAO,SHIDEZIBENJIAJINGXIANGZHUIZHUGENGDUODESHENGYUJIAZHI,DAOZHIZIBENDEYOUJIGOUCHENGTIGAO。YIFANGMIAN,CONGZIRANXINGSHISHANGKAN,MEIGELAODONGLINENGGOUTUIDONGDESHENGCHANZILIAOBUDUANTIGAO。LINGYIFANGMIAN,ZAIJIAZHIXINGSHISHANG,BUBIANZIBENSUOZHANDEBIZHONGBUDUANZENGJIA,CONGERDAOZHIKEBIANZIBENDEBIZHONGZAIZIBENZONGEZHONGSUOZHANBIZHONGBUDUANJIANSHAO。KEBIANZIBENZHIDESHIZIBENJIAGOUMAILAODONGLISUOYONGDEZIBEN,JIANSHAOKEBIANZIBENDETOURU,DAOZHILEZIBENDUILAODONGLIDEXUQIUDEJIANSHAO,ZHEIDAOZHIDALIANGGONGRENSHIYE,CHENGXIANCHUJIQIPAIJILAODONGLIDEXIANZHUANG。
2、XIANGDUIGUOSHENGRENKOULILUN
MAKESIZAI《JINGJIXUESHOUGAO》ZHONGZHICHU,XIANGDUIGUOSHENGRENKOUZHUYAOZHIDESHILAODONGLIDEGONGJICHAOGUOLEZIBENDUIQIDEXUYAO,TAZHICHU: “SHENGYUJIAZHIDEDIERZHONGXINGSHISHIXIANGDUISHENGYUJIAZHI,TABIAOXIANWEIGONGRENSHENGCHANLIDEFAZHAN,JIUGONGZUORILAISHUO,BIAOXIANWEIBIYAOLAODONGSHIJIANDESUODUAN,JIURENKOULAISHUO ,BIAOXIANWEIBIYAOLAODONGRENKOUDEJIANSHAO。”[1]WEILENENGGOUZAISHENGYUJIAZHIJINGZHENGZHONGHUODEGENGGAODEYOUSHI,ZIBENJIABUDUANGAIJINSHENGCHANJISHUSHUIPING,SHIDEBIYAOLAODONGSHIJIANSUODUAN,DAOZHIBIYAOLAODONGLIRENKOUDESUOJIAN,GUOSHENGDERENKOUZEHUIBIANWEICHANYEHOUBEIJUN。YIFANGMIAN,ZAIZIBENZHUYIKUODAZAISHENGCHANGUOCHENGZHONG,CHANYEHOUBEIJUNCHENGWEIMANZUZIBENZHUYISHEHUIZHONGJINGJIBODONGYIJISHISHEHUIFAZHANDEBIYAOTIAOJIAN。LINGYIFANGMIAN,ZAIZIBENZHUYISHEHUIZHONGCUNZAISHENGYULAODONGLI,WUXINGZHIZHONGJIZAIZHIGONGRENZENGJIALEYALI,JIZIBENJIAGENGDUOQIJIYAZHAGONGREN,JIANGDILAODONGZHEDEGONGZISHUIPING。
3、JIUYEJIAZHILILUN
ZAI《QINGNIANZAIXUANZEZHIYESHIDEKAOLV》ZHONG,MAKESIJIZHONGCHANSHULETADEJIUYESIXIANG。TARENWEI: “ZAIXUANZEZHIYESHI,YABOZHENRENYINGGAIZUNXUNDEZHUYAOZHIZHENSHIRENLEIDEXINGFUHEYABOZHENRENZISHENDEWANMEI”。[2]TONGGUOMAKESIDELUNSHU,BUNANFAXIANDESHIMAKESIDEJIUYEJIAZHILILUNQIANGDIAOLEGERENZAIZHIYEXUANZESHIDEYAOQIU,JIYAOFUHESHEHUIDEFAZHANGUILVHEXIANZHUANG,YEYAOCHONGFENKAOLVLAODONGZHEGERENDEJIBENNENGLI、SHENTISUZHIYIJIXINGQU,JIANGGERENJIAZHIDESHIXIANHEFUWUQUANRENLEIDESHIYEZUOWEIZIJIDEMUBIAO。MAKESIJINYIBUZHICHU,ZAIXUANZEZHIYESHI,YAOCHONGFENKAOLVDAOZIJIDENENGLISHUIPING,NENGGOUCHONGFENFAHUIZIJIDEYOUSHI,CONGERSHIXIANGERENDEJIAZHI。
SAN、MAKESIJIUYESIXIANGDEDANGDAIJIAZHI
1、WEIKEXUEDIZHIDINGJIUYEZHENGCEHEZHIDUTIGONGLELILUNYIJU
JIUYEZHENGCESHIZHIZHENGFUBUMENHESHEHUITUANTITONGGUOCAIQUDEYIXILIEJIUYEFANGANHEXIANGGUANCUOSHI,YOUXIAOJIEJUEXIANSHISHEHUIZHONGGONGRENDEJIUYEWENTI。LAODONGLIJIUYEWENTIDEJIEJUE,BUJINJINYAOYIKAOSHEHUISHENGCHANLIDEBUDUANQIANJINHEFAZHAN,TIGONGGENGDUODEJIUYEGANGWEI,ERQIEYEXUYAOHESHIDEJIUYEZHIDUHEZHENGCELAIBAOZHANG。DANGQIAN,WOGUODEJIUYEZONGLIANGYALIJUDA,JIEGOUXINGMAODUNBIANDETUCHU,GEGEDIQU、GEGEXINGYEHEBUTONGQIYEZHIJIANLAODONGLIZIYUANDELIUDONG,DOUXUYAOTONGGUOZHIDINGHELI、QIADANGDEJIUYEZHENGCEHEZHIDUJIAYIYINDAOHEGUIZHI。YINCI,ZAISHEHUIZHUYISHICHANGJINGJITIAOJIANDEDAIDONGXIA,JIYUMAKESIDEXIANGDUISHENGYURENKOULILUN、JIUYEJIAZHILILUNDENG,JIEHEDANGQIANZHONGGUODEJIUYEXIANZHUANG,ZHIDINGHELIDEJIUYEFAZHANZHANLVE。
2、YOUZHUYUJINGJIZENGZHANG,CUJINCHANYEJIEGOUYOUHUASHENGJI
MAKESIJIUYESIXIANGTONGGUODUIZIBENYOUJIGOUCHENGLILUNDETANTAO,QIANGDIAOLEGUOJIADEJINGJIJIEGOUDEDIAOZHENGDUILAODONGZHEDEJIUYECHANSHENGDESHENYUANYINGXIANG。SHOUXIAN,GUOJIAYINGDANGZHONGDIANYINDAODISANCHANYEDEKUAISUFAZHAN,JIXUTUOZHANDIERCHANYEHEDISANCHANYEDEJIUYEDESHENDUHEGUANGDU,FAHUITOUZI、XIAOFEI、CHUKOU“SANJIAMACHE”DELADONGZUOYONG。ZUIHOU,JIAQIANGCHENGXIANGJINGJIJIEGOUDEDIAOZHENG,ZHUANBIANJIUYEJIEGOUHEFANGSHI。ZAIJIAKUAICHENGXIANGYITIHUAFAZHANDEGUOCHENGZHONG,YABOZHENRENYINGXIEDIAOCHENGXIANGJIUYE,CUJINXINSHIQIWOGUODECHENGZHENHUAJINCHENG。CHENGXIANGYITIHUADEFAZHANDUIYUWOGUODEJIUYEJIEGOUHEBUJUCHANSHENGSHENKEYINGXIANG,TONGGUOFAZHANXIANDAINONGYE,HELIPEIZHINONGCUNZIYUAN,DAIDONGNONGCUNJINGJIFAZHAN。
3、WEITIGAOLAODONGLIDEJIUYEZHILIANG,WANSHANLAODONGLIJIUYEXINXITIGONGZHIDAO
DANGQIAN,WOGUOJIUYEDEZHUYAOYALISHIJIEGOUXINGMAODUNTUCHU,CHUXIANLELAODONGLIDEGONGJIYULAODONGLIDEXUQIUBUXIANGPIPEIDEXIANXIANG。SUIZHEWOGUOJINGJIFAZHANFANGSHIDEZHUANBIAN,CHANYEJIEGOUBUDUANYOUHUASHENGJI,CHUANTONGZHIZAOYEDEGANGWEIXUQIULIANGMINGXIANJIANSHAO,DAOZHIGONGRENDAPILIANGSHIYE。TONGSHI,GAOKEJICHANYEDEFAZHANDAOZHILEDUISHEHUIZHONGGAOKEJIRENCAIDEXUQIUYEHUIXIANGDUIZENGJIA。YINCI,ZAIJINXINGGUOJIAJINGJIJIEGOUDIAOZHENGHECHANYEJIEGOUSHENGJIDEGUOCHENGZHONG,BIRANHUIYINQISHEHUIZHONGXIANGDUIRENKOUDEGUOSHENG。WEIJIEJUEDANGQIANDEJIUYEMAODUN,SHOUXIANSHITONGGUOZHIYEPEIXUN、JIAOYUPEIXUNDENGFANGSHI,JINKENENGDITIGAOLAODONGLIDEZHILIANG,SHIQISHIYINGSHICHANGGANGWEIDEXUQIU。QICI,YAOBUDUANWANSHANLAODONGLIJIUYEXINXI,SHIXIANLAODONGLIDEZUIYOUPEIZHI,JIEJUELAODONGLIJIEGOUMAODUN。
4、WANSHANSHEHUIBAOZHANGTIXI,MANZULAODONGLIDEZUIDIXUQIU
MAKESIJIUYESIXIANGQIANGDIAOLAODONGZHEXIWANGNENGGOUZHENGCHANGJINXINGSHENGCHANHELAODONG,NEIMEZUIDIYAOTIGONGMANZULAODONGZHEZISHENSHENGCUNHEFAZHANSUOXUYAODESHENGCHANZILIAODELAODONGLIJIAZHI。MUQIAN,SUIZHESHEHUISHENGCHANLISHUIPINGDEBUDUANTIGAO,WOGUOLAODONGZHEDEGONGZISHUIPINGYEZAISUIZHIJINXINGXIANGYINGDEBIANDONGHEDIAOZHENG。SHIJIUDABAOGAOZHONGZAICIQIANGDIAOLELAODONGLIGONGZIBAOZHANGDEZHONGYAOXING,DADUOSHUDIQUYEGENJUDANGDIDEJINGJIFAZHANSHUIPINGDUIZUIDIGONGZIBIAOZHUNJINXINGDIAOZHENG,DANRENGRANYOUBUFENDIQUCUNZAIZHELAODONGZHEDEJIUYEQIWANGYUJIUYEXIANSHIZHIJIANDECHABIE。YINCI,GEFANGLILIANGDOUYINGGONGTONGNULI,GENJUGEGEDIQUDEJINGJISHUIPINGJINXINGGONGRENDEZUIDIBIAOZHUNDEDIAOZHENG,CHONGFENBAOZHANGGONGRENDEJIBENSHENGHUOXUYAO,NULIWEIHUHEANFUHAOXIAGANGZHIGONGDESHENGHUO,WEIQUANMIANJIANCHENGXIAOKANGSHEHUIERBUXIEFENDOU。